Abstract

Aims

Our aim was to assess the association between skin autofluorescence (AF) related to advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulation and long-term metabolic control, microvascular complications and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in an observational cohort of type 1 diabetes (DM1).

Methods

The analysis included 77 patients with DM1 (28 women and 49 men) aged 38 (IQR: 34-41), diabetes duration 15 (14-17), participating in Poznan Prospective Study (PoProStu). Skin AF was measured with AGE Reader (DiagnOptics).

Results

We found 50% of any microvascular complication; 37% of retinopathy, 37% of diabetic kidney disease and 22% of distal symmetrical neuropathy. Median carotid IMT was 0.57 (0.52-0.67) mm and skin AF 2.2 (IQR: 1.9-2.6). We found positive correlation between skin AF and patients age (r = 0.31, p = 0.006), mean HbA1c from the observation time (r = 0.35, p = 0.001) and IMT (r = 0.39, p < 0.001). In multivariate logistic regression presence of microvascular complications was independently associated with skin AF: for retinopathy (OR 3.49; 95% CI: 1.08-11.28, p=0.03), for diabetic kidney disease (OR 3.62; 95% CI: 1.16–11.28, p = 0.02), for neuropathy (OR 5.01; 95% CI: 1.21–20.77, p = 0.02) and for any microangiopathy (OR 3.13; 95% CI: 1.06-9.18, p = 0.03).

Conclusion

Skin AF is a reliable marker of past glycemic control of diabetes. Increased accumulation of AGEs is related to the presence of diabetic microangiopathy as well as subclinical macroangiopathy in patients with type 1.